Swiftwater Rescue: Throwbag Techniques and Safety

In swiftwater rescue, throwbags and ropes are essential tools. These items are used in various types of rescues, such as shore-based rope rescues, swimming rescues assisted by ropes, and throwbag rescues. Each of these approaches can vary in complexity, from simple rope throws to intricate cinching systems. Throwbags, in particular, come in different sizes and shapes, making it crucial to choose one that suits your needs.

A throwbag must be easily accessible. If it’s not within reach when you need it, it won’t serve its purpose. Selecting a throwbag that can be conveniently carried, such as one that can be attached to a belt or backpack, is essential. Now, let’s explore the essential components of throwbags and their best practices.

Structure of a Throwbag

The basic design of a throwbag consists of a bag containing a rope. One end of the rope is tied into a loop, which extends from the bottom of the bag, while the other end remains accessible through the bag’s opening. When thrown, the bag’s contents (the rope) are released through this opening, allowing the rescuer to control the direction and length of the rope.

Loops

The loop at the end of the rope plays an important role in securing the bag to other equipment, such as boats. In some models, the loop is built into the bag itself. It’s important that the loop is small enough to prevent fingers or hands from passing through, as larger loops can increase the risk of injury.

Carabiners are often used to attach the looped rope to gear. However, before throwing the bag, always ensure that the carabiner is disconnected. Failing to do so can create dangerous situations, especially if the throwbag gets stuck or tangled. While some rescuers attach the throwbag to their life jackets, this is discouraged due to the risk of entanglement.

Figure-Eight Knot

One of the most common knots used to create a loop in throwbag ropes is the figure-eight knot. This knot is reliable and secure, and in most cases, it doesn’t require backup knots like half-hitches. However, in situations where extra security is needed, adding a backup knot can provide additional safety.

Materials Used in Throwbags

Nylon Throwbags

Nylon is the most widely used material for throwbags. Nylon bags protect the rope from dirt, UV rays, and abrasion. Some models are designed with partial water compartments to help with buoyancy during the second throw. However, certain bags with exposed rope areas can make throwing more difficult when water enters the bag.

One disadvantage of nylon is that it deteriorates over time with UV exposure, which may cause color fading. Fortunately, this color change can be used as an indicator of wear and tear, making it easier to determine when a replacement is needed.

Ethafome (Closed-Cell Foam)

Many throwbags incorporate ethafome, a type of closed-cell foam, to help the bag float in water. This feature is critical, especially in swiftwater environments where bags must be visible and retrievable after each throw.

Oval Toggle

To use a throwbag effectively, you must open the mouth of the bag to release the rope. When the bag is not in use, it should be tightly cinched to prevent the rope from spilling out. A common method to secure the bag is with an oval toggle, which allows the user to adjust the tightness of the bag’s opening.

Types of Throwbag Ropes

Throwbag ropes generally range from 15 to 20 meters in length. The rope material is crucial for its performance in rescue situations, and different materials have their advantages and disadvantages. Here are the most commonly used types of ropes:

Braided Rope

Braided ropes have a woven structure, which can make them more susceptible to abrasion and wear over time. According to Smith and Padgett (1996), this type of rope tends to lose strength more quickly compared to other rope designs because the fibers are exposed to external elements during the braiding process.

Kernmantle Rope

Kernmantle ropes consist of two parts: the core (kern) and the outer sheath (mantle). The core provides the rope’s strength, while the mantle serves as protection. In some cases, the core may be made from a strong material like Spectra, while the mantle may be made of polypropylene.

Kernmantle ropes come in two varieties: dynamic and static. Dynamic kernmantle ropes are elastic and are often used in climbing to absorb shock. Static kernmantle ropes, which do not stretch, are preferred in rescue operations. For swiftwater rescues, static Spectra ropes are highly recommended due to their strength and lack of stretch.

Rope Materials: Nylon, Polypropylene, and Spectra

Nylon: Nylon ropes are elastic, absorbing shock, but they weaken when wet. Their flexibility makes them unsuitable for water rescue operations because they don’t float. Nylon ropes may lose 10–15% of their strength in wet conditions.
Polypropylene: This material floats in water and does not absorb moisture, making it ideal for throwbags. However, polypropylene has lower abrasion resistance and tensile strength, making it less durable for prolonged use.
Spectra: Spectra ropes are 10 times stronger than steel and float in water. They are more expensive but provide excellent resistance to abrasion and have minimal stretch, which is ideal for water rescues. The primary drawback is their cost, but their superior strength and durability make them a worthwhile investment for rescue teams.

Packing and Throwing a Throwbag

Packing a Throwbag

Properly packing a throwbag is essential to ensure that it deploys smoothly during a rescue. A common mistake is coiling the rope tightly inside the bag, which can lead to tangling during deployment. Instead, it’s recommended to randomly stuff the rope into the bag without coiling it. Numerous tests have shown that this method significantly reduces the likelihood of tangling, making the throw more effective.

Throwing Techniques

There are three primary techniques for throwing a throwbag: underhand, sidearm, and overhand. The underhand throw is best for achieving maximum distance but is not practical in deep water (knee-deep or higher). Sidearm and overhand throws are more effective in such conditions.

To ensure accuracy, practice all three techniques. Throwing a bag is not just about distance but also precision, especially when targeting a victim in swiftwater.

The Second Throw

If the first throw misses, a quick second throw is crucial. Instead of retrieving and repacking the bag, rescuers can perform a second throw by coiling the rope and using the remaining slack. It’s important to count the number of coils to ensure that you have enough rope to reach the victim. Typically, one coil equals approximately one meter.

Coiling the rope carefully with your middle finger extended ensures that the coils don’t get tangled. Hold the first coil in your throwing hand and the second coil in your other hand, gently releasing it as you throw to prevent drag.

Training for Throwbag Use

Throwbag training is an essential part of swiftwater rescue education. This training involves defensive swimming drills in conjunction with throwbag practice, helping participants gain comfort and confidence in the water while preparing for real-life rescue situations. It’s a valuable exercise, often used in swiftwater rescue classes and other outdoor training environments, such as summer camps.

Instructor Guidelines

Two instructors are needed for effective throwbag training. One instructor monitors the upstream area for hazards like strainers (debris that traps swimmers) or undercut rocks. The other instructor supervises the rescuer and ensures safe bag deployment. Both instructors must communicate effectively to guide participants through the training safely.

Downstream Safety

One or more downstream safety personnel should be positioned to catch any swimmers who miss the throwbag. This additional safety measure ensures that no one drifts downstream unrescued. Proper downstream safety planning is essential for a successful rescue.

Conclusion

Throwbags are a crucial tool in swiftwater rescue operations. With the right rope material, proper packing techniques, and practiced throwing methods, rescuers can quickly and efficiently save lives. Training and preparation are essential to ensure that both rescuers and victims remain safe during these high-stress situations. Remember, the best throwbag is the one you have on hand when you need it most.

References
Kaufman, R. (2015). Swiftwater rescue packet. McHenry, MD: Garrett University.
Walbridge, C. and Sundmacher, W. (1995). Whitewater Rescue Manual – New Techniques Canoeists, Kayakers, and Rafters.
Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press.

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Swiftwater Rescue: Throwbag Techniques and Safety