Firefighting involves not only the immediate danger of fire but also exposure to harmful substances. Smoke from fires contains many toxic substances, making decontamination essential for firefighters’ long-term health.

Presence of Carcinogens in Fires

When buildings burn, toxic chemicals are released into the air and can settle on surfaces. Some of these hazardous compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), asbestos, radical aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and hydrogen cyanide. Exposure to these chemicals increases the risk of cancer for firefighters by 15% compared to the general population. This highlights the long-term occupational risk of developing cancer, rather than the immediate threat of the fire.

Researchers from the University of Cincinnati in the U.S. analyzed 32 studies on firefighter cancer. Their analysis revealed a significantly increased risk of various cancers among firefighters, including multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer.

Why Decontamination Procedures are Important

Carcinogens that remain on firefighting gear can transfer to the skin and be absorbed into the body. These toxic chemicals can also move from gear to vehicles and fire stations, so it is crucial to separate firefighting gear from other clothing and equipment. Accumulating carcinogens on gear increases the risk, making decontamination after every fire activity essential.

Decontamination Methods

Given the importance of protecting firefighters from unnecessary exposure, it is vital to understand proper decontamination methods. Follow these steps for effective decontamination and gear maintenance:

1. Rinse the entire body with water: Before removing gear and equipment, wash the entire body with water, ideally while wearing a mask. Don’t forget to clean helmets and the soles of boots. If possible, use detergent and brushes.
2. Decontaminate on-site: Quickly removing contaminants reduces exposure time. Perform thorough decontamination of personal protective equipment (PPE) on-site to remove as much soot and particles as possible.
3. Clean the skin: Use disposable wet towels or baby wipes to immediately remove soot from the head, neck, jaw, throat, armpits, and hands while still at the scene.
4. Separate contaminated equipment: Carry contaminated gear separately, such as on the truck bed, and avoid bringing it into the vehicle’s interior. If carrying on the truck bed is not possible, use plastic bags to prevent contamination inside the vehicle.
5. Washable clothing: Wash fire gear and other washable equipment in a washing machine to remove contaminants before reuse. If washing is difficult, store gear in a well-ventilated area in case of another emergency.
6. Clean vehicles and equipment: Thoroughly clean and decontaminate the inside of firefighting vehicles and equipment.

The Dirty Helmet Syndrome

In the U.S., dirty helmets were once a badge of honor and a source of pride for firefighters. However, this symbol is now seen by many as a sign of ignorance about the toxins and contamination risks at fire scenes. Firefighters who continue to glorify dirty gear despite the knowledge of these risks serve as cautionary examples.

Many fire departments lack clear decontamination guidelines, even as safety concerns grow. Does your fire department or organization allow the storage of burnt or dirty PPE? Establish systems for cleaning all PPE after fire and rescue incidents.

All firefighters should prioritize health and safety over pride and ego.

Reference page: Fire Fighting skills are crucial, and everyone must improve them.

References　National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

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