Metallic sodium is a highly reactive metal classified as an alkali metal in the periodic table. At room temperature, it has a silvery-white appearance, but it oxidizes quickly when exposed to air, so proper storage is essential. This metal reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas, which can ignite and cause fires. Therefore, handling it with extreme caution is necessary.

Characteristics of Metallic Sodium

Metallic sodium has three key properties: low density, low melting point, and extremely high reactivity.

• Low Density: Sodium has a density of 0.97 g/cm³, which means it is lighter than water and can float on it.
• Low Melting Point: The melting point of sodium is 97.8°C (208°F), making it easy to melt and shape. However, this also makes it more challenging to handle safely.
• High Reactivity: Sodium reacts aggressively with water, generating hydrogen gas and heat, which often causes sparks or explosions.
  • When exposed to air, sodium also reacts with oxygen, forming a white powdery layer of sodium oxide.
  • To prevent oxidation, it is usually stored in non-reactive liquids such as mineral oil or kerosene.

How to Extinguish Sodium Fires

If metallic sodium catches fire, using regular firefighting methods can make the situation worse. Some extinguishing methods can cause dangerous chemical reactions, so it is crucial to follow the correct procedures.

Important Fire Safety Rules

1. Never Use Water
   • Water causes an explosive reaction, releasing large amounts of hydrogen gas that can catch fire.
   • This makes the fire spread even more, increasing the danger.
2. Do Not Use Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Extinguishers
   • CO₂, commonly used for fire suppression, does not work on sodium fires.
   • Instead, CO₂ can react with sodium, worsening the fire.
3. Use Special Extinguishing Agents
   • The best materials for putting out a sodium fire include:
     • Graphite powder
     • Sodium carbonate (soda ash)
     • Dry sand
   • These materials do not react with sodium and can block oxygen, effectively smothering the fire.
4. Wear Protective Gear
   • Sodium fires can release toxic gases and cause metal fragments to fly.
   • It is essential to wear heat-resistant gloves and a face shield when handling or extinguishing sodium fires.

Safe Handling of Metallic Sodium

Due to its high reactivity, handling sodium requires strict safety measures. However, by following proper precautions, risks can be significantly reduced.

Basic Safety Tips

• Work in a Dry Environment
  • Even small amounts of moisture can cause dangerous reactions.
  • Always ensure the work area is completely dry.
• Keep Away from Open Flames
  • Sodium can easily ignite, so avoid working near flames, sparks, or high temperatures.
  • A small spark can trigger a serious fire.
• Store Properly
  • Sodium oxidizes in air, so it must be kept submerged in a non-reactive liquid like mineral oil or kerosene.
  • This prevents contact with oxygen and moisture, reducing the risk of unwanted reactions.

Summary: Key Points for Handling Metallic Sodium

Metallic sodium is widely used in chemical experiments and industrial applications due to its unique properties. However, it must be handled with extreme care due to its high reactivity.

To minimize risks, always follow these rules:

• Store sodium properly in non-reactive liquids.
• Never use water to extinguish sodium fires.
• Use only recommended extinguishing agents like graphite powder or dry sand.
• Always wear protective gear when handling sodium.

If you need to work with metallic sodium, make sure to have expert guidance and the right safety equipment before starting.

Sodium Metal Explosion Video

Reference page: “Key fire characteristics: combustion elements, smoke risks, toxic gases, and safe firefighting techniques.”

References　National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

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