Swift Water Rescue (SRT), also known as “swift water rescue,” is a specialized technique aimed at rescuing people in fast-moving water environments. Whether it’s a river, floodwaters, or other water bodies with rapid currents, swift water rescue requires a well-defined set of skills and procedures.

The concept of SRT was first introduced by Jim Segastrom and Michael Croslin, co-founders of Rescue 3 International in Sonora, California. They created this rescue method in response to the growing number of firefighter fatalities during water rescues. Since its inception, SRT has expanded globally, with over 20,000 rescue personnel across 20 countries receiving specialized training in these life-saving techniques.

Why Self-Rescue is Critical

One of the fundamental principles of SRT is self-rescue. In swift water rescue, it is always emphasized that rescuers and victims alike must be capable of saving themselves, as relying solely on team members for assistance is not always possible. When a person is swept away in fast-moving water, the turbulent conditions and environmental hazards make it challenging for rescue teams to intervene immediately. Thus, the ability to self-rescue can be the difference between life and death.

In any body of water with noticeable currents, the dangers posed by hydrodynamic pressure are real and significant. This force, created by moving water, can cause individuals to be swept downstream, making rescue difficult. Additionally, natural obstacles like submerged logs, sieves (areas where water passes through but solid objects can’t), and undercut rocks present extreme risks. Even in shallow waters, the threat of foot entrapment is prevalent, where feet become trapped in underwater obstacles, immobilizing the victim.

Understanding these hazards and having the skills to avoid them is a key part of swift water rescue training. The primary goal is always prevention, but rescuers must be prepared to act if prevention fails.

Basic Principles of Swift Water Rescue

Swift water rescue is inherently dangerous, and because of this, avoiding entering the water whenever possible is strongly recommended. SRT follows a step-by-step approach that ensures the safety of both the rescuer and the victim, adhering to a specific hierarchy of rescue techniques. The most critical principle is that the safest, least risky method should always be prioritized first.

The sequence of rescue operations follows the acronym TALK, REACH, THROW, ROW, GO, DON’T GO, and HELICOPTER. Each of these steps represents a different approach, progressively increasing in risk and complexity:

1. TALK (Shout/Communicate)

The first and often safest method is simply communicating with the victim. In some cases, a clear, calm instruction can guide a person to a safer position or even allow them to self-rescue. Establishing verbal contact with the victim early on is crucial, as it provides the rescue team with vital information about their condition and the possibility of self-rescue.

2. REACH (Extend a Hand or Tool)

If communication alone isn’t enough, the next step is to use an object to reach out to the victim. This could be a specially designed tool or any available object. When selecting a tool, rescuers must consider the impact of immersion on a person’s physical abilities, including motor skills and grip strength. Using a buoyant object, whenever possible, is advisable.

3. THROW (Use a Rescue Device)

If the victim is out of reach, the next option is to throw a rescue device such as a life belt or throw bag. These devices provide buoyancy and stability, allowing the victim to either hold onto them or be pulled to safety.

4. ROW (Boat Rescue)

When it is clear that the victim cannot be reached from the shore, trained personnel can deploy a boat. Rowing requires both skill and coordination, as well as identifying the nearest safe launch point.

5. GO (Enter the Water)

If all prior methods fail, the last resort is sending a trained rescuer into the water. This should only be done when absolutely necessary and with a thorough risk assessment. Safety systems, such as lines or backup rescuers, should be in place to ensure that the rescuer can be pulled back to shore if needed.

6. DON’T GO

There are situations where entering the water is simply too dangerous, even for trained personnel. A dynamic risk assessment may reveal that it’s impossible to carry out the rescue safely until additional measures are in place.

7. HELICOPTER (Air Rescue)

In some cases, a helicopter may be used for rescue operations. This is often the case when the terrain or water conditions are too treacherous for a ground-based rescue.

Key Rescue Principles

In swift water rescue, there are 16 key principles that every rescuer must understand and follow. These principles are designed to maximize safety and effectiveness during rescue operations.

1. Safety First: The most common cause of failure in rescues is the injury of the rescuer. Prioritizing safety, prevention, and self-rescue increases the chances of survival for everyone involved.
2. Create an Action Plan: A well-thought-out action plan is essential. Recognize risks such as fatigue or lack of experience before they become life-threatening.
3. Always Wear a Life Jacket (PFD): Anyone near water should be prepared with a life jacket. This provides buoyancy and reduces the risk of drowning.
4. Stay Calm: Panic can hinder decision-making. Training and preparation are essential to maintaining composure during a rescue.
5. Do Not Worsen the Situation: If a rescuer becomes a victim, the situation escalates. Always have backup rescuers in place.
6. Do Not Tie Ropes Around Rescuers: Ropes can restrict movement. Use quick-release harnesses instead to ensure control.
7. Keep It Simple: Always start with the least risky method. If it fails, progress to more complex options.
8. Have Multiple Systems Ready: If one rescue system fails, be prepared with backups.
9. Position Spotters Upstream: Spotters can monitor hazards and alert rescuers to changing conditions.
10. Position Downstream Rescue Backup: Downstream personnel provide a safety net if the victim is swept away.
11. Rescuers First, Victims Second: Rescuers should never put themselves in unnecessary danger, as it worsens the overall situation.
12. Bring Equipment for Rescue: Always carry the necessary tools and equipment for a successful rescue.
13. Focus on Your Task: Each rescuer should focus on their assigned task to ensure coordination.
14. Rescue is Dynamic: Conditions can change rapidly. Rescuers must be adaptable and ready for unexpected developments.
15. Plan for What-If Scenarios: Always have a contingency plan for potential risks and changing conditions.
16. Differences in Swiftwater Technician Programs: Not all rescue programs are the same. Training should be tailored to the specific needs and risks of the environment.

Conclusion

Swift water rescue is a highly specialized skill requiring detailed training, preparation, and teamwork. By adhering to the principles of safety and following a structured approach, rescue teams can increase their chances of successful rescues while minimizing risks to both victims and themselves.

With proper training and adherence to the fundamental steps outlined in SRT, rescues in swift water environments can be executed efficiently, even in the most challenging conditions.

References

• Kaufman, R. (2015). Swiftwater Rescue Packet. McHenry, Maryland: Garrett College.
• Walbridge, C. & Sundmacher, W. (1995). Whitewater Rescue Manual – New Techniques for Canoeists, Kayakers, and Rafters. Camden, Maine: Ragged Mountain Press.

Related posts:

Swiftwater Rescue: A Comprehensive Guide to Shore-Based Rope Rescue Building Rescue Anxiety Disorders and Panic Disorders Swiftwater Rescue: Throwbag Techniques and Safety Rescue from Land: Water Rescue Paddling Techniques Swiftwater Rescue Movement Techniques Part 1: Comprehensive Guide for Rescuers Swiftwater Rescue Movement Techniques: Part 2 Swiftwater Rescue Mobility Techniques: Line Crossing and Diagonal Traverse Rescue Procedures with Lifeboats Swiftwater Rescue Search Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide Swift Water Rescue – Swimming Rope Rescue