What is an Incident?

An “incident” refers to any unplanned event or situation that disrupts normal operations or services. While it may not always result in severe damage, it requires attention and management to prevent escalation.

Incident vs. Accident: Key Differences

Accident

An unintended event with serious consequences such as injury, death, or major damage.
Always has a negative outcome.
Example: A machinery explosion causing injury or a fatal car crash.

Incident

An unplanned event that may or may not result in serious consequences.
Can include near-misses or minor injuries.
Example: A minor slip with no injury or equipment malfunction.

What is the Incident Command System (ICS)?

ICS is a standardized, on-scene emergency management system. It organizes resources, personnel, facilities, and procedures into a unified structure, allowing for a coordinated and efficient response to emergencies ranging from small accidents to large-scale disasters.

Core Features of ICS

Modular Organization: Scalable structure that can expand or contract based on the situation.
Common Terminology: Shared language ensures effective communication.
Unified Command Structure: Clear lines of authority and responsibility.
Span of Control: Limits the number of subordinates per supervisor for manageable oversight.
Resource Management: Ensures resources are allocated efficiently and effectively.

Key ICS Roles and Their Responsibilities

Incident Commander (IC):

Overall leader of the incident response.
Sets objectives, strategy, and oversees all operations.

Operations Section (Doers):

Handles all tactical operations (fire suppression, rescue, medical care).
Manages task forces, divisions, and strike teams.

Planning Section (Thinkers):

Collects and evaluates incident-related data.
Supports strategic decisions by maintaining situational awareness.

Logistics Section (Providers):

Provides facilities, services, and materials.
Includes units like communications, medical, food, supply, and equipment support.

Command Staff Functions

Safety Officer:

Ensures the safety of all personnel on scene.
Has authority to halt operations in unsafe conditions.

Liaison Officer:

Manages communications and coordination with outside agencies.

Public Information Officer:

Provides accurate incident information to the media and public.

Fireground Terminology: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta

Each side of a building is labeled clockwise starting from the front (address side):

Alpha: Front
Bravo: Left
Charlie: Rear
Delta: Right This naming system allows for clear location communication during incidents.

Hazard Control Zones

Hot Zone: Area of immediate danger; only personnel in full PPE allowed.
Warm Zone: Transitional area; may require PPE depending on the risk.
Cold Zone: Safe zone for support staff, command post, medical, and rehab.

Crime Scene Protection

If a fire scene is suspected to involve criminal activity:

Notify investigators immediately.
Secure and protect the scene.
Prevent unauthorized entry until law enforcement arrives.

ICS Strategic Priorities

Life Safety: Protect responders and civilians.
Incident Stabilization: Prevent the situation from worsening.
Property and Environmental Conservation: Minimize further damage.

Incident Size-Up

Three Phases:

Pre-Incident Information
Initial Size-Up
Ongoing Size-Up

Operational Modes

Offensive Mode: Interior attack; fire is still controllable.
Defensive Mode: Exterior operations; structure may be unstable.
Transitional Mode: Begins outside then moves inside.
Non-Intervention Mode: No active firefighting due to high risk (e.g., hazardous materials).

Incident Action Plan (IAP)

Strategy: High-level goals to mitigate the incident.
Tactics: Specific actions taken to achieve those goals.

Tactical Priorities (RECEOVS + RIT)

Rescue: Remove victims.
Exposure Protection: Protect surrounding buildings.
Confinement: Limit fire spread.
Extinguishment: Suppress the fire.
Overhaul: Ensure complete extinguishment.
Ventilation: Improve visibility and air quality.
Salvage: Protect property from additional damage.
Rapid Intervention Team (RIT): Rescue team for firefighters in distress.

This guide outlines the foundational elements of ICS and emphasizes its importance in managing emergencies effectively. Whether you’re a first responder, public official, or safety coordinator, understanding ICS enhances readiness and coordination during critical events.

Reference page: “Key fire characteristics: combustion elements, smoke risks, toxic gases, and safe firefighting techniques.”

References　National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)